# Massification of higher education, and prestige projects


In 1993, the Ministry of Education released the “Outline for Reform and
Development of Education”, which focused on building up approximately
100 key universities and a number of key disciplines. Project 211, which
was mentioned in this plan, was launched through the project “Reform
Plan of Teaching Contents and Curriculum of Higher Education Facing the
21st Century” in 2004, which ratified the establishment of 211 big
projects and nearly a thousand sub-projects with tens of thousands
teachers participating. The plan covered areas of teaching such as
teaching ideology, teaching contents, curriculum structure and teaching
methodology, and was supported by an advisory group of domestic experts
from all disciplines (MoE 2010).

According to Futao Huang (2005), the main objectives were to intensively
finance Peking University and Tsinghua University to enable them to
become world-class universities, to enhance the quality of 25 other
leading universities, and to improve the quality of over 300 key
disciplines in different institutions. During the first phase, from 1996
to 2002, about 18.3 billion RMB was allocated from the central
government, and by September 2004, 99 universities had been selected and
given special support by the government (Huang 2005).

This was followed by an “Action Plan for Education Promotion for the
21st Century” in 1998, which mentioned a number of large projects, such
as the “Project for Creating Talented People with a High Level”, the
“Plan for Creating the Most Excellent Universities and Disciplines in
the World”, “Modern Long-Distance Education”, and the “Project for
Industrializing the High Technology in the Universities” (Huang 2005).
The Action Plan also launched project 985, which again began by funding
Peking University and Tsinghua University intensively. In July 1999, the
Ministry of Education added seven more institutions, and by 2010, it had
funded 43 universities.

1998 also saw the beginning of a large scale increase in enrolment in
Chinese higher education, with the Ministry of Education releasing the
“Action Plan to Vitalize Education Facing the Twenty-First Century”.
This plan set targets for educational reform and development until 2010,
and stipulated a large increase in enrolment. In 1999, Chinese higher
education institutions enrolled 4.5 million students, and by 2010, this
number has increased to almost 30 million (Pretorius and Xue 2003; Shen
2010). In terms of coverage, the higher education system has gone from
covering 3.5% of the cohort in 1991 to 22% in 2002, while the average
institutional size quadrupled from 2,381 to 8,715 students (Li and Lin
2008). Since 2003, China has also had the world’s largest national
higher education system (UNESCO 2003).

The final large trend during the 1990s was university mergers. The
higher education system had been patterned after the Soviet Union, as
has been shown in the early part of this chapter, and thus it had a
large number of very specialized universities. Many of these were now
compelled to join together to form large comprehensive universities
(Mao, Du and Liu 2009).

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The quotes in this text is from the MA Thesis "The Chinese National Top
Level Courses Project: Using Open Educational Resources to Promote
Quality in Undergraduate Teaching" by Stian Håklev, University of
Toronto 2010.

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